碳税政策对我国电力系统碳减排的影响分析

碳税通常被认为是成本有效的碳减排政策工具。本文利用综合资源规划评价模型,对我国电力系统在碳税征收情景下的碳减排影响进行了分析。研究显示,碳税政策不仅实现了二氧化碳排放量减少的政策目标,同时还促进了电力系统技术和燃料结构的低碳化发展。     

Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain

An agricultural ammonia (NH₃) emission inventory in the North China Plain (NCP) on a prefecture level for the year 2004, and a 5 × 5 km² resolution spatial distribution map, has been calculated for the first time. The census database from China's statistics datasets, and emission factors re-calculated by the RAINS model supported total emissions of 3071 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹ for the NCP, accounting for 27% of the total emissions in China. NH₃ emission from mineral fertilizer application contributed 1620 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹, 54% of the total emission, while livestock emissions accounted for the remaining 46% of the total emissions, including 7%, 27%, 7% and 5% from cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and poultry, respectively. A high-resolution spatial NH₃ emissions map was developed based on 1 × 1 km land use database and aggregated to a 5 × 5 km grid resolution. The highest emission density value was 198 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.     

火电厂烟气在线监测系统存在的主要问题及进一步加强在线监测工作的建议

火电厂燃煤过程排放的污染物是我国大气污染的主要来源之一,烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)是实现烟气排放连续监测有效的现代化仪器设备。介绍了目前我国火电厂烟气的CEMS主要存在的问题,并针对这些存在的问题提出了相应的解决方案。     

OECD国家经验对我国排污收费制度的启示

我国现行排污收费制度虽发挥了筹集污染治理经费的功能，但未能达到促进污染物减排的功效。针对这一问题，借鉴OECD国家经验，提出国内应将排污收费标准提高至不低于治理成本；同时需根据成本的有效性确定收费对象。     

Gaseous mercury emissions from unsterilized and sterilized soils: The effect of temperature and UV radiation

Mercury (Hg) emissions from the soils taken from two different sites (deciduous and coniferous forests) in the Adirondacks were measured in outdoor and laboratory experiments. Some of the soil samples were irradiated to eliminate biological activity. The result from the outdoor measurements with different soils suggests the Hg emission from the soils is partly limited by fallen leaves covering the soils which helps maintain relatively high soil moisture and limits the amount of heat and solar radiation reaching the soil surface. In laboratory experiments exposure to UV-A (365 nm) had no significant effect on the Hg emissions while the Hg emissions increased dramatically during exposure to UV-B (302 nm) light suggesting UV-B directly reduced soil-associated Hg. Overall these results indicate that for these soils biotic processes have a relatively constant and smaller influence on the Hg emission from the soil than the more variable abiotic processes.     

Variability in Three Finnish Integrated Acidification Models

Integrated assessment models have been used to support ofnegotiations for further emission reductions of acidifyingcompounds in Europe. More attention is being paid to theuncertainties in integrated models. Data from three Finnishintegrated acidification models were compiled to estimate thevariation and relative importance of different modules. Themodels included site-specific and regional dynamic simulationsand steady-state critical load calculations for forest soilsand lakes. The main emphasis was on the variability ofemissions and the uncertainties in ecosystem effects. Althoughmaximum technically feasible emission reduction measures cantheoretically result in very low deposition, the variabilitybetween realistic scenarios is rather restricted. Thevariability of deposition loading is largely determined byreductions in nearby emission sources. The dynamicsimulations, which are often based on detailed input data,seem to retain larger variability than steady-state criticalload approaches. This study suggests that the uncertainties ineffects seem to be larger generally than other modules ofintegrated acidification models. The results indicate the needfor further work on uncertainty analysis for integrated modelsand the availability of useful model systems for furtherconfirmation of ecosystem effects.     

基于不同出行方式的城市微观主体碳排放研究

从城市微观主体的角度出发,通过构建城市微观主体碳排放评测模型,探讨了城市微观主体土地利用模式对碳排放的影响。以南京市某单位为例,采用交通周转量与连续逼近法,对研究单位园区间流通带来的碳排放进行了评测。结果表明,交通方式的选择对碳排放量的影响较显著,不同交通方式的碳排放量排序为:城市公交<综合交通<单位通勤<私人轿车。     

太湖零点行动前后水质状况对比分析

根据 1 998年 1 1月和 1 999年 1 0月的监测数据 ,对零点行动前后太湖各监测点位的水质状况及DO、CODMn、TP、TN、Chla等主要指标的空间分布进行了对比 ,发现污染状况并未得到明显改善 ,除了人为因素外 ,非点源污染的贡献和底泥营养物质的释放是影响水质改善的 2个重要因素     

水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究

在室内培养条件下,测定了水稻土中含硫气体的释放．结果表明,该土壤中有硫化氢(Ｈ２Ｓ),羰基硫(ＣＯＳ),二甲基硫(ＤＭＳ)三种气体释放．当土壤中加入半胱氨酸后,ＣＯＳ和Ｈ２Ｓ气体的浓度有了明显增加,并有ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ测出,而ＤＭＳ的浓度变化不大．这些结果表明半胱氨酸的分解可能是 ＣＯＳ,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ的产生源之一．在好氧(正常大气)条件下,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ的释放量低于厌氧(氮气氛围)条件下的释放量,ＤＭＳ则高于厌氧条件下．这表明水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生 Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ需较强的还原条件,产生这四种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件．产生ＤＭＳ的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量．在光照条件下,各含硫气体的释放量普遍高于无光照条件下的释放量．释放含硫气体的大多数微生物适宜的含水率为５０%且对土壤的ｐＨ值有一定要求．     

珠江三角洲制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物排放系数研究

采用工艺调查与现场监测相结合的方法,以物料衡算法为依据,通过现场监测结果进行验证,研究了制鞋行业挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)排放系数。结果表明,水性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(5.25±2.67)g/双,油性胶粘剂使用企业的VOCs排放系数为(30.11±10.60)g/双,根据不同类型胶水在制鞋行业中所占的权重,可得到反映地方特色的制鞋行业VOCs排放系数。